ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

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The system of classification in which only one or two morphological characters are used for the grouping of organisms is called the artificial system of classification. Aristotle divided animals into two categories i.e. Enaima (with red blood) and Anaima (without red blood).

Sometimes habit and habitat of animals are used to group them. Aristotle also grouped animals into Aquatic (living in water like fishes, whales, etc.), Terrestrial (living on the ground like reptiles, cattle, humans, etc.), and Arial (those animals who can fly like bats, birds, etc.)

Aristotle
Img: Google.com

This is one of the earliest systems of classifications that used only the gross superficial morphological characters such as habit, color, number and shape of leaves, etc.

Drawbacks of an artificial system of classification:

  • It does not study homology (similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms) but is mostly based on convergence (The organisms evolve bodily parts with the evolutionary process, which is analogous in terms of structure and function despite their ancestors that are very dissimilar or unrelated.)
  • The system employs one or two morphological and ecological traits which have no bearing on the actual status of taxa.
  • The characters in this system of classification show progressive, retrogressive or parallel evolution. Therefore they do not reflect any natural relationship.
  1. Progressive evolution: a simple form of an organism develops into a complex form
  2. Retrogressive evolution: a complex form of an organism develop into a simple form
  3. Parallel evolution: similar development of characters in distinct species that are not closely related.
  • Different groups of animals and plants remained in one group. Linnaeus’” monandria” includes both monocots and dicots while his didynamia includes both labiates and gymnosperms and also sometimes one species was placed in different groups because of the difference in the morphological characters in the same species.
  • Some characters used in the artificial system of classification get changed with the change in an environment like biennial and annual the habit of radish, large and small leaves, etc.
  • The system does not give any idea about natural relationships amongst different taxa.

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