THE CANCER TREATMENT
We know that cancer is a very dangerous disease that can lead someone to death if not properly treated. But the cancer is now can be treated to make it stop completely and the treatment process of cancer is now so much developed that it can completely eradicate the cancer cells in anyone’s body. Treatment of cancer can be done with the help of Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Operational Treatment, and Dendritic Cell Therapy. All the Radiational oncologists, chemical oncologists, and surgical oncologists are together working now to decrease the effects of cancer disease. Let’s see how these works.
HOW CANCER IS DEVELOPED
The normal cells undergo a regulated division, differentiation, and apoptosis. The cell in the body grows and divides as part of their normal cell cycle. The genetic material i.e. DNA inside the cell’s nucleus contains the instructions to control this process. But when these functions of cells have deviated from the normal i.e. they lose control over their division, differentiation, and apoptosis, they become tumor cells. Sometimes the cells’ DNA becomes damaged. Normally DNA responds by either repairing itself or instructing the cell to die. But in cancer, the part of DNA that directs cell division becomes damaged. When these portions are damaged, DNA is unable to repair itself or cause the cell to die. Rather, the unrepaired DNA makes the cell develop and separate wildly into more harmed cells. A tumor forms as cancer cells multiply and displace the normal cells. As the tumor enlarges, it develops its own blood supply. So, it can be said that a tumor cell is the result of an abnormal proliferation of cells without differentiation and apoptosis. A tumor is said to be developed on solid tissue, but in cancer, the abnormal proliferation of cells occurs in any cell of the body.
THE RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation treatment or radiotherapy, frequently truncated RT, RTx, or XRT, is a treatment utilizing ionizing radiation, by and large as a major aspect of disease therapy to control or kill malignant cells and is normally delivered by a linear accelerator. The subspecialty of oncology concerned with radiotherapy is called radiation oncology. Radiation therapy is commonly applied to cancerous tumors because of its ability to control cell growth. Surprisingly radiation therapy is the 1st process that developed against cancer disease.
Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue leading to cellular death. To save typical tissues, (for example, skin or organs which radiation must go through to treat the tumor), molded radiation shafts are pointed from a few edges of the introduction to cross at the tumor, giving a lot bigger retained portion there than in the encompassing solid tissue. Besides the tumor itself, the radiation fields may also include the draining lymph nodes if they are clinically or radiologically involved with the tumor, or if there is thought to be a risk of subclinical malignant spread. It is important to incorporate an edge of ordinary tissue around the tumor to take into account vulnerabilities in the day-by-day set-up and inward tumor movement. These vulnerabilities can be brought about by inner development (for instance, breath and bladder filling) and the development of outer skin marks comparative with the tumor position.
Godfrey Hounsfield’s invention of ‘Computed Tonography (CT)’ in 1971 and the advent of new imaging technologies, including ‘Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)’ in the 1970s and ‘Positron Emission Tonography (PET)’ in the 1980s has moved radiation therapy from 3-D conformal to ‘Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)’ and ‘Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)’. These advances allowed radiation oncologists to better see and target tumors, which have resulted in better treatment outcomes, more organ preservation, and fewer side effects.
THE CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy might be given with a therapeutic expectation (which quite often includes mixes of medications), or it might intend to draw out life or to decrease manifestations (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the significant classes of clinical control explicitly dedicated to pharmacotherapy for malignancy, which is called clinical oncology. The term chemotherapy has come to mean vague use of intracellular toxic substances to restrain mitosis (cell division) or initiate DNA damage, which is the reason hindrance of DNA repair, can increase chemotherapy. The undertone of the word chemotherapy excludes more specific operators that block extracellular signs (signal transduction).
Importantly, the use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or targeted therapy) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the bloodstream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body. Conventional chemotherapeutic specialists are cytotoxic by methods for meddling with cell division (mitosis) however malignant growth cells shift generally in their weakness to these operators. To an enormous degree, chemotherapy can be thought of as an approach to harm or stress cells, which may then prompt cell death if apoptosis is started. The efficiency of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as some leukemia, to be ineffective, such as in some brain tumors, to being needless in others, like most non-melanoma skin cancers.
THE SURGERY
It’s the most convenient way of removing cancer cells from the body. The tumor part is totally operated out of the body along with some tissues that lie beside the tumor so that cancer can’t grow more there and the fear of remaining cancer tissues near the tumor also becomes less. But there are so many problems that arise due to the surgical removal of the tumor because as in this surgery, a complete part of a body is removed, so it sometimes becomes painful for the patient for the whole life.
But as cancer cells develop the metastasis process, they can travel to other body parts and can reactivate cancer in other parts of the body. So, chemotherapy is applied to the patient after the surgery. It targets cancer cells and gets them removed.
THE IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immuno-oncology is the study and development of certain treatments called Immunotherapy for cancer. These treatments fight cancer by strengthening the immune system. Normally the WBCs of the immune system help fighting infections and disease. They recognize the antigens on the surface of the cell. Healthy cells have different antigens than damaged body cells. The immune systems do recognize the antigens on the damaged cells and form invaders. Some immune cells mark these antigens for destruction with the antibody. Then other immune cells attack the cells that have these antibodies.
But sometimes the cancer cells avoid the WBCs through so many adaptations like The cancer cells minimize the expression of the MHC-I molecules outside the cell for which, the macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic killer cells, etc. of our body can’t detect the foreign particles as well. Thus the foreign particles can enter the body to develop cancerous activities. Sometimes the macrophages that help the cells to present the carcinogenic cells on their surface through MHC-II molecules re-engulf the MHC-II molecule to alter the antigenic property for which, the cancerous cell can easily be activated without any interruption of antibodies inside the body. Sometimes the cancerous cells minimize the expression of both the MHC-I and co-stimulatory B7 molecules for which the T-cell Receptor molecules along with CD28 molecules can’t recognize the cancerous cells and they easily get activated inside the body. Sometimes the antibody masking property has a reverse effect on the body that provides good masking to the MHC molecules of the cancer cells and thus other killer-cells can’t detect the carcinogenic cells for which those cells become active inside the body.
Immunotherapies have several ways that work to help our immune system fight cancer. One is through a special antibody made in the laboratory. Some of these antibodies attach to cancer cells and directly kill them. Others mark the cancer cells so that the immune cells can destroy them. Another group of antibodies blocks the checkpoint proteins which keeps them from attaching to each other so that, the immune cells can attack and kill the cancer cells. Some antibodies prevent the growth and development of the cancer cells by blocking the growth of the new blood vessels to prevent the feeding of cancer cells. In another type of immunotherapy, some of the immune cells that best fight cancer are taken out of the body, and many more of them are grown in a lab. Then they are returned to the body to attack cancer.
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